در جایی از فیلم «اینتراستلار»، آمیلیا به کوپر میگوید که فضا و به طور کل طبیعت، به این دلیل شگفتانگیز است که در آن گرچه با اتفاقهای وحشتناک و حتی مرگ مواجه میشوی، شاهدِ خشونت نخواهی بود. مثالی که برای اثبات حرفش میآورد این است که وقتی میبینیم شیری، غزالی را شکار میکند و آن را میخورد، فکر نمیکنیم که این کار را از روی خشونت انجام داده است، بلکه میدانیم این غریزهی طبیعی اوست و در چرخهی حیات برای زنده ماندن نیاز به این کار دارد. بیشتر انسانها نیز خوردن حیوانات را به همین ترتیب توجیه میکنند، در چرخهی طبیعی حیات، ما برای زنده ماندن به مواد مشخصی احتیاج داریم که برخی از آنها فقط در بدن جانوران وجود دارد و بنابراین این حق را داریم که آنها را بکشیم و بخوریم و اصلاً و ابداً هم احساس نکنیم که عملی غیراخلاقی انجام دادهایم.
این مسئله را میتوان دستکم تا حدی پذیرفت، اما آیا واقعاً حق با آمیلیاست؟ آیا رخدادهای طبیعی همیشه صرفاً ترسناک اما غیرخشونتآمیزند؟ درست است که شاید بتوان گفت بله زلزله، آتشفشان، سیل، امواج سهمگین و پدیدههای طبیعی دیگری از این دست صرفاً از این لحاظ که به انسان آسیب میرسانند ممکن است، بد و شر خوانده شوند، اما از آنجایی که براساسِ طبیعت و قوانین فیزیک وقوع آنها اجتنابناپذیر است، نمیتوان مشخصاً آنها را بد دانست، و حتی بهدرستی دربارهی حیوانات و انسانهایی که برای زنده ماندن نیاز به تغذیه از موجودات دیگر دارند و ناگزیر آنها را میکشند، میتوان گفت که کار آنها بهخودیخود عملی بد و غیراخلاقی نیست. اما آیا تنها موجودی که در طبیعت میتواند دست به اعمال بد، کثیف و غیراخلاقی بزند انسان است؟
میدانیم که انسانها در کشتنِ همنوعان خود به روشها و دلایل مختلف مهارت زیادی دارند. آنها میتوانند مدتها برای قتل کسی نقشه بکشند، به پیچیدهترین شکل ممکن فرد مورد نظر را فریب دهند و در نهایت او را به شکلی وحشیانه بکشند و آب هم از آب تکان نخورد. اما انسان تنها موجودی در طبیعت نیست که این قابلیت را دارد. حیوانات زیادی همنوعان خود را – حتی ظاهراً بدون هیچ دلیلی – میکشند. درست نیست که فقط انسانها را قاتل بدانیم و بهسادگی طبیعت را صرفاً مملو از شگفتی بدانیم، طبیعت میتواند ترسناکتر از آنی باشد که آمیلیا تصور میکند.
واقعیت این است که کشتن از روی لذت، نه به دلیل حفظ جان یا هر دلیل موجه دیگر، مختص انسان نیست و در حیوانات بسیار زیادی دیده شده است. در طی تحقیقی که حدود ۵ سال طول کشید مشاهده شد که گروهی از شامپانزههای نر به گروهی دیگر با دست، پا، دندان و گاهی حتی پرتاب سنگ حمله کردند و یکی یکی آنها را به قتل رساندند. میمونهای لانگور گروه دیگری هستند که دست به قتل همنوعان خود میزنند. این میمونها به صورت گروهی تحت اطاعتِ میمون نر آلفایی زندگی میکنند که همهی مادههای گروه را بارور میکند. او تمام نرها را از گروه میراند تا جای او را نگیرند. به عبارتی در گروه او هیچ میمون نری جز خودش وجود ندارد. نرهای دیگر گاهی برای مبارزه و انتقام به آن دسته حمله میکنند. اگر نر آلفا در این مبارزه شکست بخورد، نر جدید جایگزین او میشود و به طرز وحشیانهای تمام نوزادان آلفای قبلی را میکشند (اغلب با کوبیدن آنها به درخت و خرد کردن جمجمهشان) چون مادهها تا زمان شیردهی جفتگیری نمیکنند، به همین دلیل نوزادانشان کشته میشوند تا بار دیگر آمادهی جفتگیری شوند. شیرها هم مانند میونهای لانگور اغلب برای آنکه دوباره مادهها را آمادهی جفتگیری کنند، نوزادانشان را میکشند. گربهها نیز بعد از به دنیا آوردن نوزادنشان اغلب یک یا چندتا از آنها را میخورند.
عموماً حیوانات به سه دلیل همنوعان خود یا دیگر حیوانات را میکشند: غذا، حفظ قلمرو و دفاع از خود. اما مثلاً دلفینها را در نظر بگیرید، دلفینهای دوستداشتنی که ظاهراً بدون هیچ دلیلی خوکهای دریایی و حتی همنوعان خود را میکشند. آنها از خوکهای دریایی تغذیه نمیکنند، منابع غذایی نامحدودی دارند و حتی آنقدر قدرتمندتر هستند که اگر خوکهای دریایی برایشان مزاحمتی ایجاد کردند، بدون کشتنشان از آنها خلاص شوند، با اینحال، ظاهراً بدون هیچ دلیل موجهی دلفینها ترجیح میدهند از پشت به خوکهای دریایی نزدیک شوند، آنها را بکشند و امعاء و احشای درونیشان را تکه تکه کنند. افزونبراین، دلفینها همدیگر را نیز میکشند که دلیل آن شاید همان مسئلهی جفتگیریای باشد که در شیرها و میمونها شاهدش بودیم، اما هنوز صددرصد مشخص نیست.
شاید چندان دور از عقل نباشد اگر بگوییم با توجه به اینکه ظاهراً دلفینها هیچ انگیزهی معمولی در به قتل رساندن همنوعان و حیواناتی که آزاری به آنها نمیرسانند ندارند، صرفاً به دنبال لذت بردن از این کارند؛ درست مانند بسیاری از انسانهای قاتل. جالب است که دو حیوانی که پس از حیوان بیش از همه دست به قتل میزنند شامپانزهها و دلفینها هستند، حیواناتی که پس از انسان از بالاترین هوش در میان حیوانات برخوردارند. شاید بتوان گفت هرچه موجودی باهوشتر باشد، بیشتر به دنبال خشونت و قتل به خاطرِ لذت میرود و دغدغهی او دیگر حفظ خود از خطرات نیست، بلکه میخواهد صرفاً چون میتواند و کشتن به او این احساس را میدهد که قدرتمند است و بر اوضاع تسلط دارد دست به این کار بزند. برخورداری از مغزی پیچیده، تواناییهایی زیادی در اختیار انسانها گذاشته است، تواناییهایی از جمله خلق آثار هنری والا، در عینِ حال یکی دیگر از پیامدهای چنین نعمتی، توانایی کشتن و لذت بردن از کشتن است. این مسئله به این معنا نیست که هر انسان باهوشی تمایل به قتل همنوعانش، صرفاً به خاطر لذت بردن و احساس قدرت کردن دارد، اما بدون شک در چرخهی تکامل موجودات که انسان در رأس آن قرار دارد، هرچه پایین میرویم از میزان خشونت کاسته میشود.
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